Library Information Literacy and Research Tutorials

There's a lot of information out there, and college-level assignments might feel daunting! Once you have a research topic, how and where should you search for basic background information? How can you refine your topic, based on what you learn? How and where should you search for more detailed, credible, or academic sources? What can you do to identify existing gaps in your understanding? What can you do if you feel stuck?

You need a plan, or more specifically, a search strategy. A search strategy is an organized plan for gathering, assessing, and using information. Developing a search strategy will organize your research process and help you plan your next steps. A good research strategy starts with developing an initial topic and conducting background research.

Developing your research topic takes some thought and consideration. Whenever you get to choose your own topic for an assignment, try to pick something that really interests you. You'll also want to make sure that your topic fits the scope of your assignment - that it isn't too broad or too narrow to work. 

• Too broad: Topics that are too broad often retrieve 1) too many sources or 2) sources that are too general or "big picture" to be useful.
  Example: Drug abuse

• Too narrow: Topics that are too narrow often retrieve 1) no sources, 2) only a few sources that are directly about your topic, or 3) sources that only indirectly address some aspect of your topic. 
  Example: The effect of drug abuse on the athletic performance of 18-year-old hockey players in Argentina

Watch the following short video to learn how to narrow or broaden your topic:

Source: “Picking Your Topic IS Research!” by North Carolina State University Libraries, licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US License.

Your topic doesn't need to be set in stone when you start your initial research. And you don't need to immediately jump into reading dense 30-page scholarly articles related to your topic! It's usually best to spend some time exploring your general area of interest and reviewing some basic information by conducting preliminary background research or "pre-research."

We recommend starting your background research by writing down some notes on what you already know. It can be extremely helpful at this stage to have some kind of document where you can keep track of what you find.

1. Existing Knowledge: What do you already know about your topic?
2. Class Readings: Review your class readings and notes - do they include any information on your topic?
3. Online Overviews: Begin reading online. Some common web sources like Wikipedia (a type of encyclopedia), online news articles, or the websites of groups or organizations that are interested in your topic are often written for general audiences so they'll include some context, define terms, and link to other useful sources of information on your topic. 
4. Factual Reference Works: You can get (more academic or discipline-specific factual information on your topic by using the Libraries' reference databases, which are online collections of reference works (things like encyclopedias, dictionaries, and handbooks). Search for a specific reference database like CREDO Reference or Oxford Reference on our Databases A-Z list, or you can search in the library catalog for your topic plus a term like "encyclopedia" to see what reference works are available. Entries in reference works should include bibliographies (lists of references or works cited) that can serve as excellent starting points for deeper research, since these bibliographies include citations for more detailed academic books and articles on your topic. 

Your Research Question

Use what you learn to identify important concepts or ideas related to your topic, track down other potential sources, and to create a list of search terms for future searches. Learning more about your topic will help you decide on your research question. A research question is the question around which you center your research. What issues related to your topic are researchers currently writing about or discussing? What questions do you have that you want to investigate?

Another important step in a good research strategy is to identify your topic's central ideas or main concepts. Try writing down your topic or research question and then identifying 2-4 main concepts.

Example Topic: The effect of social media use on college students’ sleep.
Example Research Question: What measures can college students take to effectively limit social media's negative effects on their sleep?

Once you've identified the main concepts, generate a list of search terms (or keywords and key phrases) under each concept. Consider related terms or synonyms (e.g., social media and social networks), broader terms (online behavior or internet), and more specific terms (e.g., Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook, X):

In general, you can leave out these kinds of abstract terms along with connector words like "in," "of," or "on." Terms that describe connections between concepts, such as "cause," "effect," "relationship," "impact," "purpose," and "trends" are ambiguous, making them ineffective search terms. The relationships are implied by searching for both concepts together.